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Shlomo Sand
Shlomo Sand (pronounced ''Zand''; (ヘブライ語:שלמה זנד); born 10 September 1946) is an Israeli Emeritus Professor of History at Tel Aviv University.〔(CV on the Tel Aviv University website ) Retrieved 21 February 2015〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=VersoBooks.com )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Israeli historian wants 'to cease' being a Jew - The Times of Israel )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC Radio 3 - Night Waves, What does Shlomo Sand have to say about the land of Israel? )〕
== Biography ==
Sand was born in Linz, Austria, to Polish Jewish survivors of the Holocaust. His cultural background was grounded in Yiddish culture. His father, having taken an aversion to rabbis, abandoned his Talmudic studies at a yeshiva and dropped attendance at synagogues, after his mother was denied a front seat after her husband's death, and they could not afford the seat price.〔〔Shlomo Sand,('Shlomo Sand: ‘I wish to resign and cease considering myself a Jew’,' ) ''The Guardian'' 10 October 2014.〕 Both his parents had Communist and anti-imperialist views and refused to accept compensation from Germany for their suffering during the Second World War. Sand spent his first two years in a displaced persons camp near Munich, and moved with the family to Jaffa in 1948, where his father got a job as night porter in the headquarters of the local Communist party.〔 He was expelled from high school at the age of sixteen,〔(History as Film ), Shiur Hofshi (Free Period) no 67, June 2005, Israeli Teachers' Union〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=New Left Review )〕 studied electronics by night and found employment by day in a radio repair business.〔 Drafted in 1965, he served at the communist kibbutz of Yad Hanna.〔 According to one interview, "Sand spent the late 1960s and early 1970s working a series of odd jobs, including several years as a telephone lineman." He completed his high-school work at age 25 and spent three years in the military.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =Sydney Morning Herald )〕 The Six Day War, in which he served - his unit conquered at heavy loss the Abu Tor area in East Jerusalem-〔 "pushed him towards the radical left."〔 After the war he served in Jericho, where, he says, Palestinians trying to return to the country were gunned down if they infiltrated at night, but were arrested if caught doing so by day. Such experiences, one incident in particular,〔Dalia Karpel, ( 'Author of 'The Invention of the Jewish People' vents again,' ) Haaretz 24 May, 2012:'One night in September 1967 he witnessed soldiers abusing an elderly Palestinian man who had been arrested with a large amount of dollars in his possession. “I climbed onto a crate and watched a harrowing scene through the window,” he writes. “The detainee was sitting tied to a chair, and my good buddies were beating him all over and occasionally pressing burning cigarettes into his arms. I climbed down from the crate, threw up and returned to my post shaking and frightened. A little later, a pickup left carrying the body ... My friends shouted to me that they were going to the Jordan River to dump the body”.' 〕left him with a sense that he had lost his homeland.〔 Quitting the Union of Israeli Communist Youth (Banki), he joined the more radical, and anti-Zionist, Matzpen in 1968. He resigned from Matzpen in 1970 due to his disillusionment with the organisation.〔〔(Matzpen –The Socialist Organization in Israel (Archive) ). Retrieved 21 February 2015〕〔(Conversation with Shlomo Sand ), by Asaf Shor, Me'asef, 10 December 2004〕
Declining an offer by the Israeli Maki Communist Party to be sent to do cinema studies in Poland, Sand graduated with a BA in History from Tel Aviv University in 1975. Determined to "abandon everything" Israeli, he moved to France, where, from 1975 to 1985, after winning a scholarship, he studied and taught in Paris, receiving an MA in French History and a PhD for his thesis on Georges Sorel and Marxism.〔PhD Thesis : ''(Georges Sorel et le marxisme. Rencontre et crise 1893–1902. )'' (Georges Sorel and Marxism. Encounter and crisis 1893–1902), École des hautes études en sciences sociales, Paris, France, 1982.〕 Since 1982, Sand has taught at Tel Aviv University as well as at the University of California, Berkeley, and the École des hautes études en sciences sociales in Paris.〔
In 1983, according to one source, Sand "took part in a heated exchange over Zeev Sternhell's ''Ni droite, ni gauche: l’idéologie fasciste en France'', and later drew the ire of Claude Lanzmann with his 2002 book in Hebrew, ''Film as History'', in which he not only passed scathing judgement on Lanzmann's ''Shoah'', but also revealed that the film had been secretly funded by the Israeli government."〔
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